{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:03:55Z","timestamp":1790960635632,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID): the Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies and Research Utilization Program","award":["GPO-A-00-05-00022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPO-A-00-05-00022-00"]}]},{"name":"Preventive Technologies Agreement","award":["GHO-A-00-09-00016-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHO-A-00-09-00016-00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genital inflammatory changes may be a mechanism of increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> risk among injectable progestin\u2010only contraception (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPC<\/jats:styled-content>) users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis of 376 Kenyan and South African women. Genital cytokines and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor concentrations in a reference population were compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPC<\/jats:styled-content> users and women with reproductive tract infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant variability in marker concentrations was observed by age or site. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMPA<\/jats:styled-content>) users had significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IP<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RANTES<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations. Norethisterone oenanthate users had significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RANTES<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations. Women with sexually transmitted infections had variable inflammation, and women with bacterial vaginosis exhibited a mixed profile of up and downregulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The finding of substantial mucosal inflammation among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMPA<\/jats:styled-content> users provides evidence which, combined with the results of prior studies, suggests that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMPA<\/jats:styled-content> may create an immune environment conducive to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> target cell recruitment and inhibitory for antiviral activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T05:07:58Z","timestamp":1437628078000},"page":"357-367","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Injectable Progestin\u2010Only Contraception is Associated With Increased Levels of Pro\u2010Inflammatory Cytokines in the Female Genital Tract"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Deese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FHI 360 Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindi","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myron","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FHI 360 Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CROS NT LLC Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khatija","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setshaba Research Centre Soshanguve Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawango","family":"Agot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Impact Research and Development Organization Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Crucitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Abdellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lut","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08757"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro794"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001778"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71052-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"PassmoreJA:Genital inflammation and HIV risk in prevention research. 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