{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:40:44Z","timestamp":1789749644667,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["A111441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A111441"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"Problem<\/jats:title>Regional difference in the inflammatory response in vasectomized (VAX<\/jats:styled-content>) epididymis remains unraveled.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method of study<\/jats:title>Epididymal expression of interleukin 1\u03b1 (IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b1), IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b2, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1 receptor antagonist (IL<\/jats:styled-content>1ra), IL<\/jats:styled-content>1 receptor 1 (IL<\/jats:styled-content>1R1), IL<\/jats:styled-content>6, IL<\/jats:styled-content>10, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1), and transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b21 (TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21) was examined in bilateral VAX<\/jats:styled-content> mice by real\u2010time RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b1, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b2, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1ra, and IL<\/jats:styled-content>1R1 were expressed in the epididymal epithelia of normal mice. Following VAX<\/jats:styled-content>, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1R1 <\/jats:italic>mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> was not changed, but TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL<\/jats:styled-content>10<\/jats:italic>, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and IL<\/jats:styled-content>1ra <\/jats:italic>mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly upregulated in whole epididymis, whereas IL<\/jats:styled-content>6<\/jats:italic> and TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21 <\/jats:italic>mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly increased in corpus and cauda but not in caput epididymis. Consistently, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b1, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b2, and IL<\/jats:styled-content>1ra immunoreactivities were visibly increased in epididymis following VAX<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Following VAX<\/jats:styled-content>, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b1, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03b2, IL<\/jats:styled-content>1ra, IL<\/jats:styled-content>10, and TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 may mediate immune reaction in whole epididymis, whereas IL<\/jats:styled-content>6 and TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21 may mediate regionally different immune response primarily in the lower part of epididymis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T16:03:44Z","timestamp":1470153824000},"page":"235-242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of bilateral vasectomy on the interleukin 1 system in mouse 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