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Cytokines\/receptors were measured in the medium by immunoassays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stimulation of genital mycoplasmas did not increase the proinflammatory cytokines, except <jats:italic>Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/jats:italic> that increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108 levels. However, <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mycoplasma hominis<\/jats:italic> significantly increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201013 levels. <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> alone or in combination with genital mycoplasmas showed an increased proinflammatory and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> sustain a proinflammatory response in the fetal membranes in vitro, while genital mycoplasmas induce a strong control of the inflammatory response. The ability of genital mycoplasmas to control the proinflammatory response may favor their survival in the upper genital tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T22:04:34Z","timestamp":1479333874000},"page":"504-511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Combinations and loads of bacteria affect the cytokine production by fetal membranes: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Nathalia Mayumi","family":"Noda\u2010Nicolau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine &amp; Perinatal Research Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston  Galveston TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Botucatu Medical School UNESP \u2013 Univ. 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