{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:03:31Z","timestamp":1792649011177,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]],"date-time":"2017-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56AI111933\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56AI111933\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI117970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have implicated sexual violence as a strong correlate of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> acquisition in women. Characterizing how such violence affects the female immune system may provide insight into the biological mechanisms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission and ultimately improve global <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevention strategies. Little research has been carried out in this domain, and the obstacles to investigation can be daunting. Here, we describe methodological challenges encountered and solutions explored while implementing a study of dysregulation of immune biomarkers potentially indicative of increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> susceptibility in women following sexual assault. Challenges included accessing sexual assault survivors and defining sexual assault, promoting study participant well\u2010being during research engagement, reducing selection and information bias, collecting and processing biological samples, and adjusting for confounders such as reproductive tract infections and emotional and physical abuse. We found that many survivors of sexual assault welcomed the attention from study staff and felt empowered by the opportunity to help other women at risk for violence. Well\u2010trained research staff and well\u2010articulated community and medical partnerships were key methods to overcoming challenges while promoting the safety and welfare of vulnerable study participants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]],"date-time":"2017-05-03T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1493804199000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Challenges in conducting research on sexual violence and <scp>HIV<\/scp> and approaches to overcome them"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Aldous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Milken Institute School of Public Health The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manya","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Milken Institute School of Public Health The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsoon","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases School of Medicine and Health Sciences The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"DeVore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District of Columbia Forensic Nurse Examiners  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar Washington Hospital Center  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Hatch Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Associates, Inc. The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Zumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Associates, Inc. The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases School of Medicine and Health Sciences The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0029-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mimi","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Milken Institute School of Public Health The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"WHO department of gender women and health global coalition on women and AIDS. Intimate partner violence and HIV\/AIDS: Information sheet. 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