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Abnormalities in this inhibitory pathway are involved in the pathogenesis of some disorders such as tumours, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy complications, and transplantation rejection. Immune privilege represents a special immunological condition, where foreign antigens can be tolerated and do not elicit an immune response. The anterior chamber of the eye, central nervous system, testis, pregnant uterus, and hair follicles are all regarded as immune\u2010privileged sites in humans. Numerous studies show that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010L1 pathway contributes to the maintenance of the immune\u2010privileged microenvironment. In this review, we will mainly focus on the roles of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010L1 pathway in the anterior chamber of the eye, brain and testis, as well as further investigations in testis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T11:06:40Z","timestamp":1496747200000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The roles of the <scp>PD<\/scp>\u20101\/<scp>PD<\/scp>\u2010L1 pathway at immunologically privileged sites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Li\u2010Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Planning Research Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi\u2010Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Planning Research Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Hui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Planning Research Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahinho P.","family":"Muyayalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Planning Research Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong\u2010Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Planning Research Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8533-8315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai\u2010Hua","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Planning Research Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05919.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1514296"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.10.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Testis immune privilege\u2014assumptions versus facts","volume":"10","author":"Kaur G","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Reprod"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.5928"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4794-04.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1443"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12365"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.6738"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505497102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27683"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Immunity to homologous grafted skin. 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