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Intra\u2010amniotic infection is characterized by an influx of neutrophils into the amniotic cavity. Herein, we investigated whether amniotic fluid neutrophils could phagocytize bacteria found in the amniotic cavity of women with intra\u2010amniotic infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amniotic fluid neutrophils from women with intra\u2010amniotic infection were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (n=6). The phagocytic activity of amniotic fluid neutrophils from women with intra\u2010amniotic infection and\/or inflammation (n=10) or peripheral neutrophils from healthy individuals (controls, n=3) was tested using ex vivo phagocytosis assays coupled with live imaging. Phagocytosis by amniotic fluid neutrophils was also visualized by confocal microscopy (n=10) as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy (n=5).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>(i) Intra\u2010amniotic infection\u2010related bacteria including cocci (eg <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>), bacilli (eg <jats:italic>Bacteriodes fragilis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> spp.), and small bacteria without a cell wall (eg <jats:italic>Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/jats:italic>) were found inside of amniotic fluid neutrophils; (ii) peripheral neutrophils (controls) rapidly phagocytized <jats:italic>S.\u00a0agalactiae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> U.\u00a0urealyticum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>; (iii) amniotic fluid neutrophils rapidly phagocytized <jats:italic>S.\u00a0agalactiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G.\u00a0vaginalis<\/jats:italic>; and (iv) amniotic fluid neutrophils slowly phagocytized <jats:italic>U.\u00a0urealyticum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>; yet, the process of phagocytosis of the genital mycoplasma was lengthier.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amniotic fluid neutrophils can phagocytize bacteria found in the amniotic cavity of women with intra\u2010amniotic infection, namely <jats:italic>S.\u00a0agalactiae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> U.\u00a0urealyticum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> G.\u00a0vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>. Yet, differences in the rapidity of phagocytosis were observed among the studied microorganisms. These findings provide a host defense mechanism whereby amniotic fluid neutrophils can kill microbes invading the amniotic cavity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T11:57:01Z","timestamp":1499947021000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Amniotic fluid neutrophils can phagocytize bacteria: A mechanism for microbial killing in the amniotic cavity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nardhy","family":"Gomez\u2010Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch NICHD\/NIH\/DHHS  Bethesda MD USA and Detroit MI USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit MI USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology &amp; Biochemistry Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit 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