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Behind this paradoxical phenomenon, the mechanism is quite complex. Indoleamine\u20102,3\u2010dioxygenase (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is the first and rate\u2010limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism. Emerging evidence shows that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is expressed at the maternal\u2010fetal interface, including trophoblast cells, decidual stroma cells, decidual immune cells (eg, natural killer cells, T cells, and macrophages), and vascular endothelial cells of decidua and chorion. Moreover, the expression and activity of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    are different among non\u2010pregnant, normal pregnant, and pathological pregnant conditions.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    plays important roles in normal pregnancy through immune suppression and regulation of fetal invasion and circulation. However, the abnormal expression and dysfunction of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    are associated with some pathological pregnancies (including recurrent spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and fetal growth restriction).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T06:06:35Z","timestamp":1511157995000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["The role of indoleamine\u20102,3\u2010dioxygenase in normal and pathological pregnancies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Rui\u2010Qi","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology Fudan University  Shanghai 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