{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:12:59Z","timestamp":1792289579869,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,3]],"date-time":"2018-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"Problem<\/jats:title>The immune cellular composition of amniotic fluid is poorly understood. Herein, we determined: 1) the immunophenotype of amniotic fluid immune cells during the second and third trimester in the absence of intra\u2010amniotic infection\/inflammation; 2) whether amniotic fluid T cells and ILCs display different phenotypical characteristics to that of peripheral cells; and 3) whether the amniotic fluid immune cells are altered in women with intra\u2010amniotic infection\/inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method of Study<\/jats:title>Amniotic fluid samples (n\u00a0=\u00a057) were collected from 15 to 40\u00a0weeks of gestation in women without intra\u2010amniotic infection\/inflammation. Samples from women with intra\u2010amniotic infection\/inflammation were also included (n\u00a0=\u00a09). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy adults were used as controls (n\u00a0=\u00a03). Immunophenotyping was performed using flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In the absence of intra\u2010amniotic infection\/inflammation, the amniotic fluid contained several immune cell populations between 15 and 40 weeks. Among these immune cells: (i) T cells and ILC<\/jats:styled-content>s were greater than B cells and natural killer (NK) cells between 15 and 30\u00a0weeks; (ii) T cells were most abundant between 15 and 30\u00a0weeks; (iii) ILC<\/jats:styled-content>s were most abundant between 15 and 20\u00a0weeks; (iv) B cells were scarce between 15 and 20\u00a0weeks; yet, they increased and were constant after 20\u00a0weeks; (v) NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells were greater between 15 and 30\u00a0weeks than at term; (vi) ILC<\/jats:styled-content>s expressed high levels of ROR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b3t, CD<\/jats:styled-content>161, and CD<\/jats:styled-content>103 (ie, group 3 ILC<\/jats:styled-content>s); (vii) T cells expressed high levels of ROR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b3t; (viii) neutrophils increased as gestation progressed; and (ix) monocytes\/macrophages emerged after 20\u00a0weeks and remained constant until term. All of the amniotic fluid immune cells, except ILC<\/jats:styled-content>s, were increased in the presence of intra\u2010amniotic infection\/inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>The amniotic fluid harbors a diverse immune cellular composition during normal and complicated pregnancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,3]],"date-time":"2018-03-03T07:06:39Z","timestamp":1520060799000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["The immunophenotype of amniotic fluid leukocytes in normal and complicated pregnancies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nardhy","family":"Gomez\u2010Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch Division of Obstetrics and Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Division of Intramural Research Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National 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