{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:27:58Z","timestamp":1787819278028,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]],"date-time":"2018-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8157060984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8157060984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"Problem<\/jats:title>Prokineticin 2 (PK<\/jats:styled-content>2), a pro\u2010inflammatory peptide, is highly expressed in primary spermatocytes. However, systematic research on PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 and testicular inflammation is lacking to date.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method of study<\/jats:title>An experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO<\/jats:styled-content>) model was established to detect the expression of PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 and its receptor (prokineticin receptor 1, PKR<\/jats:styled-content>1) 50 and 80\u00a0days after immunization. PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 siRNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequence was injected into the rat rete testis to downregulate the expression of PK<\/jats:styled-content>2. PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 was over\u2010expressed in the testis by injecting PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 protein through the rat rete testis at different concentrations. Testicular morphology and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>) were detected after the intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Results showed that PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 and PKR<\/jats:styled-content>1 were upregulated in EAO<\/jats:styled-content> at 50\u00a0days and downregulated at 80\u00a0days. PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 over\u2010expression contributed to the apoptosis of spermatogenic epithelial cells and increased infiltration of the inflammatory cells, whereas PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 under\u2010expression showed no change. Furthermore, iNOS<\/jats:styled-content> expression was increased significantly when PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 was over\u2010expressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>This finding demonstrated that the PK<\/jats:styled-content>2\/PKR<\/jats:styled-content>1 signals may have an essential role in the regulation of testicular inflammation through iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>. PK<\/jats:styled-content>2 interference may represent a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of orchitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]],"date-time":"2018-03-08T06:17:48Z","timestamp":1520489868000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of prokineticin 2 on testicular inflammation in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Family Planning Research Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital Beijing 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