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In this pilot study, we aimed to investigate whether the inflammation\u2010related vasoactive intestinal peptide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content>) and interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20106 were increased in affected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endometrial and endometriotic tissue biopsy specimens, and serum and peritoneal fluid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content>) samples, were obtained from 85 endometriosis patients and 53 controls. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 analysis and measurement of microvessel density in tissue were performed using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with controls, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content> transcript and protein levels were increased in endometrium from endometriosis patients and further elevated in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPP<\/jats:styled-content>. In addition, microvessel density, a measurement of angiogenic activity, was increased in the endometrium and in endometriosis lesions in the same subset of patients. Serum and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content> levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 were higher in women with endometriosis and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPP<\/jats:styled-content> compared with endometriosis patients who reported no chronic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vasoactive intestinal peptide is upregulated in endometriosis patients reporting chronic pain. Increased microvessel density in tissue and peritoneal fluid concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 indicate an elevated inflammation in the pelvic microenvironment of these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T05:46:36Z","timestamp":1524203196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Vasoactive intestinal peptide is upregulated in women with endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Bourlev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. 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