{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:12:24Z","timestamp":1782720744766,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka","award":["Science Support No. 13.06.1.1.06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Science Support No. 13.06.1.1.06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Granulysin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNLY<\/jats:styled-content>) is a cytotoxic molecule mostly present in decidual natural killer (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>) cells. Blighted ovum (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BO<\/jats:styled-content>) and missed abortion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>) represent the early pathological pregnancies with hindered development of the embryoblast or a dead embryo. We investigated the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNLY<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010mediated apoptotic mechanism potentially responsible for delayed termination of pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed immunohistological and immunofluorescence labeling of decidual tissues (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNLY<\/jats:styled-content>, Apaf\u20101, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03baB). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKG<\/jats:styled-content>2A expression was analyzed by flow cytometry and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNLY mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNLY<\/jats:styled-content> labeling intensity (<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic> score) was lower in the nuclei of trophoblast cells in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BO<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNLY<\/jats:styled-content> gene levels were inversely detected in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BO<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>. A decreased decidual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell percentage was found in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells from pathological pregnancies expressed lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKG<\/jats:styled-content>2A levels. The highest frequency of Apaf\u20101 was found in trophoblast cells of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kB<\/jats:styled-content> was highly expressed in decidual cells of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BO<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The reduced activation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNLY<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010mediated killing might be implicated in the slower rejection of trophoblast cells in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BO<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>. A decreased authentic decidual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell number could be responsible for low cytotoxicity against trophoblast cells in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>. In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BO<\/jats:styled-content>, trophoblast cells have a higher survival potential due to increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kB<\/jats:styled-content> expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T12:10:17Z","timestamp":1526645417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Granulysin\u2010mediated apoptosis of trophoblasts in blighted ovum and missed abortion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Gulic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Department of Physiology and Immunology University of Rijeka  Rijeka 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