{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T02:16:54Z","timestamp":1791771414077,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"Problem<\/jats:title>Recently characterized interferon epsilon (IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e) protects against sexually transmitted infections, including genital herpes simplex virus (HSV<\/jats:styled-content>), in animal models. There are no reports of IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e in genital tract secretions of pregnant women, and data on IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e in non\u2010pregnant women are limited. This pilot study is the first to measure concentrations of IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e in vaginal and cervical secretions during pregnancy and compare values between healthy and genital HSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method of Study<\/jats:title>Vaginal or cervical specimens from 30 pregnant women were obtained from the Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS<\/jats:styled-content>) repository. Cervical samples were collected during the first trimester and vaginal samples across pregnancy. Enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay determined concentrations of IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e (pg\/mL). Data for IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e were log\u2010transformed and compared by maternal demographics, clinical variables, and HSV<\/jats:styled-content> status using t tests and linear regression. Repeated measures analysis explored trends across pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among the entire cohort, first trimester concentrations of IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e in vaginal or cervical secretions decreased as body mass index increased (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.14, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.0466). Concentrations of vaginal IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e increased across pregnancy in HSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected and healthy women (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.009). Average vaginal IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e across pregnancy was lower in women with HSV<\/jats:styled-content> compared to healthy women (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.0009).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Interferon epsilon increased across pregnancy, but was less abundant in women with HSV<\/jats:styled-content>. This pilot investigation cannot make any definitive conclusions. However, animal models suggest that IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e may protect against STI<\/jats:styled-content>s. Thus, larger studies are required to validate expression of IFN<\/jats:styled-content>e in the reproductive tract of pregnant women with and without genital infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T04:10:52Z","timestamp":1529035852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Interferon epsilon in the reproductive tract of healthy and genital herpes simplex virus\u2010infected pregnant women: Results of a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colette","family":"Nickodem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Texas A&M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Criscitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology College of Medicine Texas A&M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuller","family":"Bazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olayinka","family":"Abiodun\u2010Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Texas A&M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8234-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandie D.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Texas A&M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233321"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0214-088RRR"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071320"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0313153"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00629-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01564-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del388"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3819"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.00970.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00412"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"928","article-title":"Genital herpes: a review","volume":"93","author":"Groves MJ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17138"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000043"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12689"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","article-title":"Update on neonatal herpes simplex epidemiology in the Netherlands: a health problem of increasing concern?","author":"Oeffelen L","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12578"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Workowski KA","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","first-page":"1489","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin. 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