{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:19:30Z","timestamp":1790637570832,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Chicago Medical School at RFUMS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"Problem<\/jats:title>Angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in secretory endometrium represent one of the crucial steps in pregnancy establishment, for which uterine NK (uNK<\/jats:styled-content>) cells have an important role. Impairment of these steps may proceed to implantation and instigate initial pathology of recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL). In this study, we aim to investigate vascular development and density of uNK<\/jats:styled-content> cells in secretory endometrium of women with RPL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods of study<\/jats:title>Mid\u2010secretory phase endometrial tissues from women with RPL<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0=\u00a015) and fertile controls (n\u00a0=\u00a07) were investigated. CD<\/jats:styled-content>56+<\/jats:sup> and CD<\/jats:styled-content>16+<\/jats:sup> uNK<\/jats:styled-content> cells, CD<\/jats:styled-content>31+<\/jats:sup> vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle myosin (SMM<\/jats:styled-content>)+<\/jats:sup>. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC<\/jats:styled-content>) expressing SMM<\/jats:styled-content> were investigated using immunohistochemistry and western blot. High\u2010throughput quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (qRT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010PCR<\/jats:styled-content>) was used as well.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>CD<\/jats:styled-content>56+<\/jats:sup> uNK<\/jats:styled-content> number was significantly higher in women with RPL<\/jats:styled-content> compared to controls (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.0001). uNK<\/jats:styled-content> cell density by immunohistochemistry was positively correlated with CD<\/jats:styled-content>56 mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression by qRT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010PCR<\/jats:styled-content> (r<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.43, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0137). The number of blood vessels represented by the expression of either CD<\/jats:styled-content>31 or SMM<\/jats:styled-content> was higher in women with RPL<\/jats:styled-content> as compared to controls (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.05 and P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.0001, respectively), and correlated with the number of uNK<\/jats:styled-content> cell (r<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.18, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.04, and r<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.65, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.0001, respectively). The wall thickness of spiral arteries was significantly higher in women with RPL<\/jats:styled-content> as compared with that of controls (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0027).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Increased uNK<\/jats:styled-content> cells in mid\u2010secretory endometrium are associated with increased vascularization and defective vascular transformation of spiral arteries in women with RPL<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T13:12:00Z","timestamp":1533129120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Dysregulated uterine natural killer cells and vascular remodeling in women with recurrent pregnancy 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Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D.","family":"Salazar Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Immunology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3643-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie","family":"Skariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Immunology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Immunology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin 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