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Herein, we determined whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 was present in amniotic fluid during normal pregnancy and whether its concentrations change with intra\u2010amniotic inflammation and\/or infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amniotic fluid was collected from 219 women in the following groups: (a) midtrimester who delivered at term (n\u00a0=\u00a035); (b) term with (n\u00a0=\u00a033) or without (n\u00a0=\u00a017) labor; (c) preterm labor with intact membranes who delivered at term (n\u00a0=\u00a029) or who delivered preterm with (n\u00a0=\u00a019) and without (n\u00a0=\u00a029) intra\u2010amniotic inflammation and infection or with intra\u2010amniotic inflammation but without infection (n\u00a0=\u00a021); and (d) preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pPROM<\/jats:styled-content>) with (n\u00a0=\u00a019) and without (n\u00a0=\u00a017) intra\u2010amniotic inflammation\/infection. Amniotic fluid <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 concentrations were determined using a sensitive and specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> kit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>(a) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 was detectable in all amniotic fluid samples; (b) amniotic fluid concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 were changed with gestational age (midtrimester vs term no labor), being higher in midtrimester; (c) amniotic fluid concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 were similar between women with and without spontaneous labor at term; (d) among patients with spontaneous preterm labor, amniotic fluid concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 in women with intra\u2010amniotic inflammation\/infection and in those with intra\u2010amniotic inflammation without infection were greater than in women without intra\u2010amniotic inflammation or infection who delivered preterm or at term; and (e) the presence of intra\u2010amniotic inflammation and infection in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pPROM<\/jats:styled-content> did not change amniotic fluid concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 is a physiological constituent of amniotic fluid that is increased in midtrimester during normal pregnancy and in the presence of culturable microorganisms in the amniotic cavity. These findings provide insight into the soluble host defense mechanisms against intra\u2010amniotic infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T05:49:33Z","timestamp":1534139373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Human \u03b2\u2010defensin\u20101: A natural antimicrobial peptide present in amniotic fluid that is increased in spontaneous preterm labor with intra\u2010amniotic infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Aneesha","family":"Varrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch Division of Obstetrics and Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Division of Intramural Research <i>Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health U. S. 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