{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T23:29:10Z","timestamp":1789946950899,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"Problem<\/jats:title>The inflammasome is implicated in the mechanisms that lead to spontaneous preterm labor (PTL<\/jats:styled-content>). However, whether there is inflammasome activation in the amniotic cavity of women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> and intra\u2010amniotic infection (IAI<\/jats:styled-content>) or sterile intra\u2010amniotic inflammation (SIAI<\/jats:styled-content>) is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method of study<\/jats:title>Amniotic fluid samples were collected from women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> who delivered at term (n\u00a0=\u00a031) or preterm without IAI<\/jats:styled-content> or SIAI<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0=\u00a035), with SIAI<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0=\u00a027), or with IAI<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0=\u00a017). As a readout of inflammasome activation, extracellular ASC<\/jats:styled-content> (apoptosis\u2010associated speck\u2010like protein containing a CARD<\/jats:styled-content>) was measured in amniotic fluid by ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> and the expression of ASC<\/jats:styled-content>, caspase\u20101, and interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2 was detected in the chorioamniotic membranes by multiplex immunofluorescence. Acute inflammatory responses in amniotic fluid and the placenta were also evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>(a) Amniotic fluid concentrations of ASC<\/jats:styled-content> and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 were higher in women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> and IAI<\/jats:styled-content> or SIAI<\/jats:styled-content> than in those who delivered preterm or at term without intra\u2010amniotic inflammation; (b) amniotic fluid concentrations of ASC<\/jats:styled-content> and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 were lower in women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> and SIAI<\/jats:styled-content> than in those with IAI<\/jats:styled-content>; (c) there was a significant nonlinear correlation between ASC<\/jats:styled-content> and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 amniotic fluid concentrations; (d) the expression of inflammasome\u2010related proteins (ASC<\/jats:styled-content>, caspase\u20101, and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2) in the chorioamniotic membranes was increased in women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> and IAI<\/jats:styled-content> or SIAI<\/jats:styled-content> than in those who delivered preterm or at term without intra\u2010amniotic inflammation; (e) inflammasome activation in the chorioamniotic membranes was weaker in women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> and SIAI<\/jats:styled-content> than in those with IAI<\/jats:styled-content>; (f) women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> and IAI<\/jats:styled-content> had elevated amniotic fluid white blood cell counts compared to those without this clinical condition; and (g) severe acute placental inflammatory lesions were observed in women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> and IAI<\/jats:styled-content> and in a subset of women with PTL<\/jats:styled-content> and SIAI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Inflammasome activation occurs in the settings of intra\u2010amniotic infection and sterile intra\u2010amniotic inflammation during spontaneous preterm labor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T07:19:02Z","timestamp":1537255142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Inflammasome activation during spontaneous preterm labor with intra\u2010amniotic infection or sterile intra\u2010amniotic inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nardhy","family":"Gomez\u2010Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch Division of Obstetrics and Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Division of Intramural Research Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. 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