{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:53:51Z","timestamp":1783702431533,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology (DBT)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Govt. of India"},{"name":"NIRRH","award":["NIRRH\/RA\/663\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIRRH\/RA\/663\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> infection induces damage in host cells that results in the activation of cell death pathways such as apoptosis and necrosis. Autophagy acts as a pro\u2010survival mechanism during various infections and has cross talks with apoptosis. The objective of our study was to delineate the effect of autophagy knockdown in human vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) during <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infection\u2010induced apoptosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>We overexpressed wild\u2010type or mutant form of autophagy\u2010related gene 5 (ATG5) in human VECs and determined the levels of autophagy and lysosome marker genes upon <jats:italic>C.\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic> infection. We analyzed the expression of apoptosis and necrosis markers using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mutant ATG5 overexpressing VECs were unable to form Atg5\u2010Atg12 complex, which is required for functional autophagy pathway. Upon <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> infection, wild\u2010type ATG5 overexpressing cells showed upregulation of autophagy marker genes, ATG5, LC3\u2010I, LC3\u2010II, and LAMP\u20101. Mutant ATG5 overexpressing cells could not upregulate LC3\u2010II and LAMP\u20101 expression, indicating a defective autophagy pathway. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry results revealed that wild\u2010type ATG5 overexpressing VECs showed significantly lower number of apoptotic and necrotic cells as compared to mutant ATG5 overexpressing cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaginal epithelial cells with active autophagy were able to survive the damage caused by <jats:italic>C.\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic> infection, whereas those with defective autophagy succumbed to the infection. This suggests that autophagy plays a critical role in human VECs survival during <jats:italic>C.\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T12:34:25Z","timestamp":1539174865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Autophagy gene ATG5 knockdown upregulates apoptotic cell death during <i>Candida albicans<\/i> infection in human vaginal epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Ankit","family":"Shroff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology (MIM) National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH) Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0735-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kudumula Venkata Rami","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology (MIM) National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH) Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7878464"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.3.400-428.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17625"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2010.00577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00358-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12639"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2239"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.51.33889"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.4.847"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.11.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-10-29"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.12.18040"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Faji.13056","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.13056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T12:51:31Z","timestamp":1694782291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aji.13056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aji.13056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13056","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-7408","1600-0897"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-7408","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0897","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13056"}}