{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:22:46Z","timestamp":1783455766932,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HPR-85522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HPR-85522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sperm are the major cells in semen. Human sperm possess a number of HIV\u20101 gp120 binding ligands including sulfogalactosylglycerolipid (SGG). However, the mechanisms of how sperm capture HIV\u20101 onto their surface are unclear. Furthermore, the ability of sperm to deliver HIV\u20101 to vaginal\/cervical epithelial cells lining the lower female reproductive tract, as a first step in HIV\u20101 transmission, needs to be determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sperm from healthy donors were incubated with dual\u2010tropic HIV\u20101<jats:sub>CS204<\/jats:sub> (clinical isolate), and virus capture was determined by p24 antigen ELISA. The involvement of SGG in HIV\u20101 capture was assessed by determining <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub> values of HIV\u20101 gp120\u2010SGG binding as well as computational docking of SGG to the gp120 V3 loop. The ability of sperm\u2010associated HIV\u20101 to infect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and TZM\u2010bl indicator cells was determined. Lastly, infection of vaginal (Vk2\/E6E7), ectocervical (Ect1\/E6E7), and endocervical (End1\/E6E7) epithelial cells mediated by HIV\u20101\u2013associated sperm was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sperm were able to capture HIV\u20101 in a dose\u2010dependent manner, and the capture reached a maximum within 5\u00a0minutes. Captured HIV\u20101, however, could be removed from sperm by Percoll\u2010gradient centrifugation. Affinity of gp120 for SGG was substantial, implicating sperm SGG in HIV\u20101 capture. Sperm\u2010associated HIV\u20101 could productively infect PBMCs and TZM\u2010bl cells, and was capable of being transmitted into vaginal\/cervical epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sperm are able to capture HIV\u20101, which remains infectious and is able to be transmitted into vaginal\/cervical epithelial cells, a result indicating the importance of sperm in HIV transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T14:31:27Z","timestamp":1557325887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sperm can act as vectors for HIV\u20101 transmission into vaginal and cervical epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Charlene D.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Program Ottawa Hospital 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