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However, the stereotypical cellular immune responses in these two clinical conditions are poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amniotic fluid samples (n\u00a0=\u00a026) were collected from women diagnosed with preterm labor and intra\u2010amniotic infection (amniotic fluid IL\u20106 concentrations \u22652.6\u00a0ng\/mL and culturable microorganisms, n\u00a0=\u00a010) or intra\u2010amniotic inflammation (amniotic fluid IL\u20106 concentrations \u22652.6\u00a0ng\/mL without culturable microorganisms, n\u00a0=\u00a016). Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the phenotype and number of amniotic fluid leukocytes. Amniotic fluid concentrations of classical pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, type 1 and type 2 cytokines, and T\u2010cell chemokines were determined using immunoassays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with spontaneous preterm labor and intra\u2010amniotic infection had (a) a greater number of total leukocytes, including neutrophils and monocytes\/macrophages, in amniotic fluid; (b) a higher number of total T cells and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, but not CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells or B cells, in amniotic fluid; and (c) increased amniotic fluid concentrations of IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u201010, compared to those with intra\u2010amniotic inflammation. However, no differences in amniotic fluid concentrations of T\u2010cell cytokines and chemokines were observed between these two clinical conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cellular immune responses observed in women with preterm labor and intra\u2010amniotic infection are more severe than in those with intra\u2010amniotic inflammation, and neutrophils, monocytes\/macrophages, and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells are the main immune cells responding to microorganisms that invade the amniotic cavity. These findings provide insights into the intra\u2010amniotic immune mechanisms underlying the human syndrome of preterm labor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T16:24:11Z","timestamp":1563553451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Cellular immune responses in amniotic fluid of women with preterm labor and intra\u2010amniotic infection or intra\u2010amniotic inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nardhy","family":"Gomez\u2010Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch Division of Obstetrics and Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Division of Intramural Research <i>Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health U. 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