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We aimed to study how these fertility factors, such as female age, baseline sexual hormone levels, tubal patency, and vaginal pH, affect the composition of vaginal microbiome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 16S rRNA sequencing was carried on vaginal microbiome samples from 85 women of reproductive age without vaginal infections or reproductive endocrine diseases. The detailed correlations between fertility factors and vaginal microbiome were quantified by Spearman's rank tests. A linear discriminant analysis was carried out to explore the effects of fertility factors on the relative abundances of vaginal bacterial species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The vaginal pH, levels of basal E2, LH, and FSH all had significant effects on the distribution of vaginal microbiome. The relative abundances of vaginal bacterial species, including<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic>, were significantly different due to the host's state of reproductive endocrine and tubal patency. It was worth noting that women with tubal obstruction, or prolonged menstrual cycle, or antral follicle count &gt;15, or vaginal pH\u00a0&gt;\u00a04.5 all had a higher abundance of<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>in vagina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fertility factors associated with the reproductive endocrine and the genital tract environment affected vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age. The species<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic>, etc could be used as biomarkers to reflect the pathological state of reproductive endocrine and genital tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]],"date-time":"2020-01-11T08:10:34Z","timestamp":1578730234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Fertility factors affect the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7776-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jieying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine Ren Ji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for 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