{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:34Z","timestamp":1787013814229,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,12]],"date-time":"2020-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81630084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81630084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81803268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81803268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>11\u03b2\u2010Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11\u03b2\u2010HSD2) catalyzes active glucocorticoids into their inactive products, preventing the passage of glucocorticoids into the fetus from maternal circulation. Peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor (PPAR)\u03b3 is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates the expression of placental 11\u03b2\u2010HSD2. Nuclear factor\u2010kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB) is a transcription factor that regulates inflammatory signaling. This study aimed to investigate the association among 11\u03b2\u2010HSD2, PPAR\u2010\u03b3, and NF\u2010\u03baB p65 in small\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age (SGA) infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010six SGA and 46 appropriate\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age (AGA) infants were enrolled in this study. Both newborns and placentas were weighed. Placental 11\u03b2\u2010HSD2 levels were measured using Western blotting. Placental PPAR\u2010\u03b3 and NF\u2010\u03baB p65 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Placental inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      11\u03b2\u2010HSD2 levels were lower in SGA placentas than those in AGA placentas. Placental PPAR\u2010\u03b3\u2010positive nuclei were less in SGA than those in AGA. By contrast, placental NF\u2010\u03baB p65\u2010positive nuclei were more in SGA than those in AGA. The levels of\n                      <jats:italic>CRP<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IL\u20108,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IL\u20101\u03b2,<\/jats:italic>\n                      several inflammatory cytokines, were higher in SGA placentas. Correlation analysis showed that neonatal weight was positively associated with PPAR\u2010\u03b3 and 11\u03b2\u2010HSD2 in SGA placentas. By contrast, neonatal weight was inversely correlated with NF\u2010\u03baB p65 in SGA placentas. 11\u03b2\u2010HSD2 was positively correlated with PPAR\u2010\u03b3 in SGA placentas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammation\u2010associated downregulation of placental PPAR\u2010\u03b3 and 11\u03b2\u2010HSD2 may be involved in SGA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T16:52:12Z","timestamp":1584550332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association among placental 11\u03b2\u2010HSD2, PPAR\u2010\u03b3, and NF\u2010\u03baB p65 in small\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age infants: A nested case\u2010control 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