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However, the effects of HIV on the female reproductive tract (FRT) are poorly understood, and most studies have focused on ectocervix and vagina without assessing the upper tract. Here, we investigated CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell frequency, phenotype, and HIV\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses in the endocervix and endometrium of HIV\u2010infected women, comparing these tissues to the GIT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mucosal samples and blood were obtained from 18 women: four who were HIV\u2010positive and not on cART for at least 3\u00a0years prior to sampling, including two natural controllers (viral load [VL] undetectable and CD4 &gt;350); nine women on cART with low to undetectable VL; and five HIV\u2010uninfected women. Mucosal samples included terminal ileum, sigmoid colon, endocervical cytobrush, endocervical curettage, and endometrial biopsy. T\u2010cell frequency, phenotypes, and HIV\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>T\u2010cell activation, measured by CD38\/HLA\u2010DR co\u2010expression, remained significantly elevated in endometrium following cART, but was lower in gastrointestinal tissues. HIV\u2010specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses were detected in ileum, colon, and endometrial tissues of women both on and off cART, and were of higher magnitude on those not on cART.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings reveal differences in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell frequencies, immune activation, and HIV\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses between the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, and highlight differences between HIV controllers and women on cART.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T12:29:00Z","timestamp":1587126540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Parallel studies of mucosal immunity in the reproductive and gastrointestinal mucosa of HIV\u2010infected women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Uma","family":"Shanmugasundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of California Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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