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Although CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> and decidual CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells have been extensively characterized, the properties of decidual CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> (dT<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>) cells remain poorly defined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the heterogeneity, phenotypes, and functions of dT<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells, and compared the proportion of dT<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells between normal pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) using flow cytometry. Moreover, we cocultured peripheral CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T (CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>pT) cells with trophoblast, or decidual stomal cells (DSCs) in the presence or absence of anti\u2010TGF\u2010\u03b2 antibody or TGF\u2010\u03b2 type I receptor inhibitor to explore the effects of maternal\u2010fetal environment on decidual CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cell formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that CD69<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD103<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells were abundant in CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>dT cells but not in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>dT cells with effector\u2010memory (EM, CD45RA<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CCR7<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) phenotypes. The percentage of dT<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells from RSA patients was significantly higher than that from normal pregnancy. Furthermore, dT<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\u00a0cells showed increased expressions of chemokine receptors, T\u2010cell exhaustion\u2010related molecules, and produced more anti\u2010inflammatory\u00a0cytokines and effector\u00a0cytokines upon stimulation. Moreover, DSCs produced a considerable level of TGF\u2010\u03b2 and upregulated CD103 expression on CD69<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>pT cells, which can be significantly reversed by blocking TGF\u2010\u03b2 receptor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells with unique properties are present in the decidua during human early pregnancy. They possess an enhanced capacity to produce effector cytokines and regulatory molecules, which might be important in the balance between maternal\u2010fetal immune tolerance and the capacity to aggressively respond to infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T05:49:15Z","timestamp":1587707355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Tissue\u2010resident CD8<sup>+<\/sup>T memory cells with unique properties are present in human decidua during early pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Xixi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research) Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Hospital of 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