{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T11:55:57Z","timestamp":1772711757855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BL1115\/2\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BL1115\/2\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Heisenberg Program BL1115\/3\u20101\/7\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Heisenberg Program BL1115\/3\u20101\/7\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>From conception, a delicate regulation of galectins, a family of carbohydrate\u2010binding proteins, is established to ensure maternal immune tolerance in pregnancy. Though galectin\u20103 (gal\u20103), the only chimera\u2010type galectin, is abundantly expressed at the feto\u2010maternal interface; the physiological role of this lectin during pregnancy remains to be fully elucidated and requires further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we analyzed serum gal\u20103 levels during the course of healthy gestation. Trophoblast functions were evaluated upon gal\u20103 exogenous stimulation using trophoblastic cell lines (e.g. , HIPEC65, SGHPL\u20104, and BeWo cells). Finally, we investigated variations in peripheral gal\u20103 levels associated with the development of spontaneous abortion and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gal\u20103 circulating levels increased as normal pregnancy progressed. In vitro experiments showed that exogenous gal\u20103 positively regulated trophoblast functions inducing invasion, tube formation, and fusion. Compared with normal pregnant women, circulating gal\u20103 levels were significantly decreased in patients who developed GDM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results reveal a physiological role for gal\u20103 during pregnancy, promoting proper trophoblast functions associated with healthy gestation. GDM is associated with a failure to increase circulating gal\u20103 levels late in gestation. Thus, dysregulation of gal\u20103 may indicate a contribution of the chimera\u2010type lectin to this adverse pregnancy outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T11:40:12Z","timestamp":1595331612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The chimera\u2010type galectin\u20103 is a positive modulator of trophoblast functions with dysregulated expression in gestational diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5972-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Freitag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center a Cooperation between the Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association AG GlycoImmunology the Charit\u00e9 \u2010 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin 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