{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T08:35:22Z","timestamp":1769330122777,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20591924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20591924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanism of fetal growth restriction (FGR) is not fully understood. In this study, we explored the contribution of the calpain\u2010calpastatin system and the activated states of calpains in human FGR placenta.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>The placentas were collected from patients of FGR (n\u00a0=\u00a017) and controls (n\u00a0=\u00a023) at elective cesarean sections in Nagoya City University Hospital and used for experiments upon informed consent. The existence and the expression of calpains and calpastatin in human placenta were compared between FGR and controls using immunohistochemistry, SDS\u2010PAGE, and Western blotting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Staining of calpains (pre\u2010, post\u2010\u03bc\u2010calpain, pre\u2010, post\u2010m\u2010calpain, and calpain\u20106) and calpastatin was observed in cytoplasm of trophoblast cells, both in FGR and control placenta. Pre\u2010\u03bc\u2010calpain was located in the cytoplasm, and post\u2010\u03bc\u2010calpain was located mainly in proximity to the cytoplasmic membrane. The expression of pre\u2010\u03bc\u2010calpain was significantly higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) and calpain\u20106 was significantly lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.01) in FGR placentas. The inactive \u03bc\u2010calpain (80\u00a0kDa) was significantly elevated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01), and active \u03bc\u2010calpain (76\u00a0kDa) was significantly decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.01) in FGR placentas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrate that activation of \u03bc\u2010calpain is suppressed in FGR placentas and that calpain\u20106 in human placenta is involved in the pathology of FGR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T17:22:10Z","timestamp":1599067330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The investigation of calpain in human placenta with fetal growth 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