{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T16:01:14Z","timestamp":1769270474674,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunologic, angiogenic, and anti\u2010angiogenic factors are associated with spontaneous abortion (SAB). B cell\u2013activating factor (BAFF), a proliferation\u2010inducing ligand (APRIL), placental growth factor (PlGF), and soluble fms\u2010like tyrosine kinase\u20101 (sFlt\u20101) may play a role in SAB and may serve singly or in combination as an early biomarker of SAB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this prospective observational study, serum sFlt\u20101, PIGF, BAFF, and APRIL levels were measured in the first trimester of pregnancy in a medically diverse group of women and in non\u2010pregnant controls. Associations and discriminative values of first\u2010trimester sFlt\u20101, PIGF, BAFF, and APRIL levels and the corresponding APRIL:BAFF, BAFF:sFlt\u20101, and sFlt\u20101:PlGF ratios with development of SAB were tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median serum BAFF level was lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.007) and median serum sFlt\u20101 level was higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), in the first trimester of pregnancy than in non\u2010pregnant controls. SAB developed in 27 of the pregnant women (11.3%), and first\u2010trimester levels of BAFF (but not APRIL) and sFlt\u20101 (but not PIGF) were associated with SAB. Using optimal cutoffs determined through receiver operating characteristics curves, the best discriminator of SAB was the serum BAFF:sFlt\u20101 ratio, specifically among non\u2010nulliparous women and women with prior SAB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>First\u2010trimester serum BAFF:sFlt\u20101 ratio is a candidate indicator\/predictor of SAB among non\u2010nulliparous women and women with prior SAB. If validated through additional studies, then early identification of pregnant women at high risk for SAB through this simple blood test would assist in counseling and facilitate clinical trials of therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T07:03:40Z","timestamp":1618038220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["First\u2010trimester serum BAFF:sFlt\u20101 ratio as a candidate early biomarker of spontaneous abortion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hindi E.","family":"Stohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Harbor\u2010UCLA Medical Center David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Department of Medicine Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Stohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Department of Medicine Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 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