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The progestin\u2010based contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a popular contraceptive choice with a low failure rate and convenient administration schedule.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, we compiled observational data from human cohorts that examine how DMPA influences the mucosal biology of the female genital tract (FGT) that are essential in maintaining vaginal health, including resident immune cells, pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, epithelial barrier function, and the vaginal microbiome<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review focused on the recent published literature published in 2019 and 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent longitudinal studies show that DMPA use associates with an immunosuppressive phenotype, increase in CD4+CCR5+ T cells, and alterations to growth factors. In agreement with previous meta\u2010analyses, DMPA use is associated with minimal effects of the composition of the vaginal microbiome. Cross\u2010sectional studies associate a more pro\u2010inflammatory relationship with DMPA, but these studies are confounded by inherent weaknesses of cross\u2010sectional studies, including differences in study group sizes, behaviors, and other variables that may affect genital inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion &amp; Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These recent results indicate that the interactions between DMPA and the vaginal mucosa are complex emphasizing the need for comprehensive longitudinal studies that take into consideration the measurement of multiple biological parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  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