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Genital inflammation contributes to the availability of HIV susceptible cells at the female genital mucosa and is associated with higher HIV transmission rates in women. Factors that contribute to genital inflammation may subsequently increase the risk of HIV infection in women. Semen is a highly immunomodulatory fluid containing several bioactive molecules with the potential to influence inflammation and immune activation at the female genital tract. In addition to its role as a vector for HIV transmission, semen induces profound mucosal changes to prime the female reproductive tract for conception. Still, most studies of mucosal immunity are conducted in the absence of semen or without considering its immune impact on the female genital tract. This review discusses the various mechanisms by which semen exposure may influence female genital inflammation and highlights the importance of routine screening for semen biomarkers in vaginal specimens to account for its impact on genital inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T16:27:58Z","timestamp":1622651278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Semen: A modulator of female genital tract inflammation and a vector for HIV\u20101 transmission"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Jewanraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinaye","family":"Ngcapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenine J. 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