{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T18:29:08Z","timestamp":1774549748641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7308\/5039\/16591671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7308\/5039\/16591671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7308\/5039\/18591837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7308\/5039\/18591837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17301\/7308\/21592101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17301\/7308\/21592101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite abundant reports on the risk role of uterine outflow tract obstruction in endometriosis, information on the occurrence of endometriosis in women with <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection causing fallopian tube obstruction is unknown. We investigated the role of <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection with or without fallopian tubal patency in the occurrence of endometriosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a retrospective case\u2010controlled cohort study with 539 women who had laparoscopic surgery for several indications during the period between January, 2003 and June, 2010. Women with ectopic pregnancy, uterine anomaly, chromosomal abnormality, primary amenorrhea, and perimenopausal women were excluded. Endometriosis was diagnosed by laparoscopic inspection and confirmed by histopathology. Tubal patency was diagnosed by HSG or laparoscopic chromopertubation test. Presence of chlamydia infection was examined by RT\u2010PCR and serological test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two\u2010hundred and seven women were enrolled. Eighty\u2010six (41.5%) women had chlamydia infection. Tubal patency and occurrence of endometriosis were significantly decreased among women with chlamydia infection comparing to women without it (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.005 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0008, respectively). Even among women with patent tube, laparoscopic detection of endometriosis was significantly decreased in chlamydia infected comparing to non\u2010infected women (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.02). Multiple logistic regression model revealed that previous history of chlamydia infection significantly decreased the occurrence of endometriosis, and was independent of age, menstrual status, parity and tubal patency (odds ratio .44; 95% confidence interval .24\u2013.80; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.007).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A decreased occurrence of peritoneal endometriosis was observed in women with <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection. The possible impairment of retrograde menstrual flow by chlamydia\u2010infected tubal damage may decrease the risk of endometriosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T05:19:57Z","timestamp":1631683197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decreased occurrence of endometriosis in women with <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9493-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaleque N.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Fujishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology Saiseikai Nagasaki Hospital  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michio","family":"Kitajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadayuki","family":"Ishimaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sasebo City General Hospital  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanae","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akemi","family":"Koshiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Kitawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2008.00643.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)30003-X"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Retrograde menstruation in healthy women and in patients with endometriosis","volume":"64","author":"Halme J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90389-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"412","article-title":"Endometriosis and m\u00fcllerian anomalies","volume":"69","author":"Olive DL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"515","article-title":"Endometriosis and non\u2010obstructive m\u00fcllerian anomalies","volume":"79","author":"Fedele L","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000292349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2019).Endometriosis. Retrieved: October 10 2019.https:\/\/www.acog.org\/Patients\/FAQs\/Endometriosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-017-0187-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.02.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.10.857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz429"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652395"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1642"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30092-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix769"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.09.778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81391-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46675-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0202-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.02.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340500432556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-014-0309-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349709024584"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17403-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)91044-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46634-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12083"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Infection as a potential cofactor in the genetic\u2010epigenetic pathophysiology of endometriosis: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Koninckx PR","year":"2019","journal-title":"Facts Views Vis Obgyn"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15308.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4801-x"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.13498","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aji.13498","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.13498","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T07:41:16Z","timestamp":1693208476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aji.13498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aji.13498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13498","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-7408","1600-0897"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-7408","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0897","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13498"}}