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The role of ILCs in endometriosis has not been investigated; therefore, here, we aimed to investigate how the proportion of ILCs changes in endometriosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percentage of each ILC group in CD45<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells was examined in the peripheral blood, peritoneal fluid, endometrium, and ovarian endometrioma obtained from women with and without endometriosis (ERB\u2010C\u20101216) using flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Specimens were obtained from 19 women with endometriosis and 15 without endometriosis. In the endometrium, patients with endometriosis had lower proportion of ILC2 and 3 compared to control specimens (ILC2: .02\u00b1.01% vs .07\u00b1.03%; <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0.05, ILC3: .31\u00b1.14% vs 1.10\u00b1.93%; <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0.05). There was no significant change in the peripheral blood or the peritoneal fluid between the two groups. Additionally, ovarian endometrioma increased the proportion of ILCs (ILC1: .92\u00b11.12%, ILC2: .08\u00b1.08%, ILC3: .70\u00b1.39%) compared to the endometrium samples of patients with endometriosis each with <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0.05. Immunohistochemistry of IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u201023, which are ILC3\u2010inducing factors, showed no significant change in the H\u2010score of the epithelium of the two groups, but a significant increase was found in ovarian endometrioma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proportion of ILC2 and 3 was reduced in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis, and ILCs were increased in ovarian endometrioma. Our findings may indicate a new immunological approach to understand the pathophysiology of endometriosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T18:31:00Z","timestamp":1633026660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Reduced innate lymphoid cells in the endometrium of women with endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0019-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Sugahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kyoto 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