{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:13:30Z","timestamp":1768828410266,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intrauterine administration of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been proposed to facilitate embryo implantation, while its effect on clinical outcome of women with previous implantation failure (RIF) in frozen\/thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles is still unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total 523 patients having not experienced successful clinical pregnancy were enrolled in our study, including 207 repeat implantation failure (RIF) patients, and 316 patients with previous implantation failures but failed to meet the diagnostic criteria for RIF (non\u2010RIF). Autologous PBMCs were cultured with hCG for 4\u00a0h in the hCG\u2010activated PBMC\u2010treated group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a073 in RIF patients, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0112 in non\u2010RIF patients), and then intrauterine administered 2 days before FET. In the hCG\u2010treated group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a067 in RIF patients, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0100 in non\u2010RIF patients), recombinant hCG was administered 2 days before FET. The control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a067 in RIF patients, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0104 in non\u2010RIF patients) underwent FET without intrauterine administration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In RIF patients, the clinical pregnancy rate of the above three groups are 56.16%, 53.73%, and 43.28%, respectively (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0.276). The implantation rate and live birth rate showed no significant differences (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u00a0.05). For non\u2010RIF patients, higher clinical pregnancy rate was also seen in PBMC intrauterine group (57.15%) and hCG intrauterine group (58.00%) than controls (50.96%) but without statistical significance. There were no significant differences of implantation rate and live birth rate (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u00a0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intrauterine administration of hCG\u2010activated PBMC and hCG did not improve clinical outcomes for both RIF and non\u2010RIF patients before FET embryo transfer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T13:18:35Z","timestamp":1646140715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical outcome of intrauterine administration of peripheral mononuclear cells or human chorionic gonadotropin in unexplained implantation 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