{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:21:18Z","timestamp":1791908478319,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pathogenesis of endometriosis remains unclear. Endometrial cells in retrograde menstruation are considered the source of endometriosis; therefore, we hypothesized that the eutopic endometrium may provide clues regarding the pathogenesis. We aimed to clarify the role of eutopic endometrial cells in endometriosis development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eutopic endometrial tissues were obtained from patients with or without endometriosis, and expression of cell surface molecules in eutopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) was evaluated via iTRAQ\u2010based proteomic analysis. Based on the results, we focused on galectin\u20103. Galectin\u20103 expression in clinical samples was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The concentration of secreted galectin\u20103 was measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays. Adhesion and migration of ESCs were evaluated by in vitro adhesion and wound healing assays. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells was measured via calcein release assays. Cell proliferation was measured using the CyQUANT Cell Proliferation Assay Kit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>iTRAQ analysis revealed that galectin\u20103 expression was specifically elevated in the ESCs from endometriosis patients. Immunohistochemistry confirmed galectin\u20103 overexpression in the eutopic endometrium of endometriosis, irrespective of the menstrual phase. Galectin\u20103 was overexpressed and secreted by the eutopic ESCs from patients with endometriosis compared to that from patients without endometriosis. Galectin\u20103 expression in ESCs increased adhesion and migration, whereas galectin\u20103 inhibitors impaired these processes. Galectin\u20103 reduced the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells toward ESCs, while not affecting cell proliferation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Galectin\u20103 promotes peritoneal engraftment of ESCs due to impaired immune surveillance in the peritoneal cavity and increases ESCs adhesion and migration to the peritoneum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T13:20:22Z","timestamp":1648905622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Endometrial galectin\u20103 causes endometriosis by supporting eutopic endometrial cell survival and engraftment in the peritoneal cavity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Saya","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine  Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-9359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kae","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine  Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuko","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine  Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minori","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine  Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Nakatsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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