{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:10:41Z","timestamp":1774671041879,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cervical insufficiency (CI) is associated with intra\u2010amniotic infection or inflammation. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in amniotic fluid may protect the fetus against microbial invasion, giving their broad\u2010spectrum microbiocidal properties. We evaluated changes in amniotic fluid AMP expression in women with CI and assessed whether these changes are related to their pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated amniotic fluid human neutrophil peptide 3 (HNP\u20103), human \u03b2\u2010defensin\u20102 (hBD\u20102), and LL\u201037 levels in 66 women with CI and 25 normal controls at 16\u201324 weeks of gestation. The CI group was divided into short cervix and cervical dilation groups, and the cervical dilation group was further divided into preterm and full\u2010term delivery groups according to the pregnancy outcomes, and AMP expression was analyzed in each group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>: HNP\u20103 and hBD\u20102 levels were higher in women with CI than in normal controls and in the cervical dilation as compared to the short cervix group. Among women with cervical dilation, 22 delivered at full\u2010term, and 23 had spontaneous preterm births. The hBD\u20102 level in amniotic fluid mid\u2010pregnancy was higher in the full\u2010term delivery than in the preterm delivery groups. However, LL\u201037 levels in amniotic fluid were low in women with CI and normal controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>: Amniotic fluid HNP\u20103 and hBD\u20102 levels increased in women with CI compared with normal controls. Moreover, increased amniotic fluid hBD\u20102 levels mid\u2010pregnancy were associated with favorable pregnancy outcomes in women with CI. AMPs in the amniotic fluid may participate in host defense against ascending infection in women with CI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T14:53:20Z","timestamp":1652540000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Expression of antimicrobial peptides in the amniotic fluid of women with cervical insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Youngmi","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research Team College of Medicine Hallym University  Chuncheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keun\u2010Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hallym University College of Medicine Kangnam Sacred 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