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Macrophage polarization was measured using flow cytometry. Granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (GM\u2010CSF) expression in dLECs was measured using qRT\u2010PCR and ELISA. The activation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor\u2010\u03ba (NF\u2010\u03baB), an upstream signaling molecule of GM\u2010CSF, was assessed by immunocytochemical localization of p65. Through GM\u2010CSF knockdown and NF\u2010\u03baB inhibition in dLEC, we evaluated whether the GM\u2010CSF\/NF\u2010\u03baB pathway of PE dLEC affects decidual macrophage polarization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ratio of inflammatory M1 macrophages with HLA\u2010DR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD80<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> markers significantly increased following coculturing with PE dLECs or culturing in PE dLEC CM, indicating that the PE dLEC\u2010derived soluble factor acts in a paracrine manner. GM\u2010CSF expression was significantly upregulated in PE dLECs. Recombinant human GM\u2010CSF induced macrophage polarization toward an M1\u2010like phenotype, whereas its knockdown in PE dLECs suppressed it, suggesting PE dLECs induce M1 macrophage polarization by secreting GM\u2010CSF. The NF\u2010\u03baB p65 significantly increased in PE dLECs compared to the control, and pretreatment with an NF\u2010\u03baB inhibitor significantly suppressed GM\u2010CSF production from PE dLECs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In PE, dLECs expressing high levels of GM\u2010CSF via the NF\u2010\u03baB\u2010dependent pathway play a role in inducing decidual M1 macrophage polarization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T03:45:10Z","timestamp":1688355910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Decidual lymphatic endothelial cell\u2010derived granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor induces M1 macrophage polarization via the NF\u2010\u03baB pathway in severe pre\u2010eclampsia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6615-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Ji","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute of Women's Medical Life Science Placenta\u2010derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab Yonsei University College of Medicine Yonsei University Health System Seoul The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute of Women's Medical Life Science Placenta\u2010derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab Yonsei University College of Medicine Yonsei University Health System Seoul The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayan","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute of Women's Medical Life Science Placenta\u2010derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab Yonsei University College of Medicine Yonsei University Health System Seoul The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung\u2010Pyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medical Biology Institute of Tropical Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han\u2010Sung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Institute of Medical Science Konkuk University School of Medicine Seoul The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunhyang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul The Republic 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