{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:19:07Z","timestamp":1790295547148,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnancy markedly modifies women's metabolism and immune functions. We hypothesized that pregnancy might alter the immune and metabolic responses to chronic <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> infection in pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>A population of 690 pregnant Hispanic women were screened for antibodies to <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> and 158 women were positive (23% positivity) with 83% showing high avidity indices. These seropositive women were followed through their pregnancies with four data collection time points and a postpartum collection at two clinics in Tampa, Florida. A <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seronegative group (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0128) was randomly selected to serve as a control group and measured along pregnancy in the same way. Serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, and their ratio, phenylalanine, tyrosine and their ratio, neopterin, and nitrite were measured through pregnancy and the postpartum. A plasma cytokine panel (IFN\u2010\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, IL\u20102, IL\u201010, IL\u201012, IL\u20106, IL\u201017) was analyzed in parallel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The major findings suggest that indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase (IDO\u20101) was less activated in <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seropositive pregnant Hispanic women with chronic infection. Evidence for IDO\u20101 suppression was that tryptophan catabolism was less pronounced and there were lower levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines including IFN\u2010\u03b3, which is the major inducer of IDO\u20101, and higher nitrite concentration, a surrogate marker for nitric oxide, an inhibitor of IDO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latent <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection was associated with higher plasma tryptophan levels, and lower inflammatory cytokines across pregnancy, suggesting suppression of the IDO\u20101 enzyme, and possible T cell exhaustion during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T17:31:28Z","timestamp":1692639088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tryptophan metabolism and immune alterations in pregnant Hispanic women with chronic <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0469-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Prescott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, College of Nursing  Tampa Florida USA"},{"name":"University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8047-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Mutka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelley","family":"Baumgartel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, College of Nursing  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Youn","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, College of Nursing  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailey","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, College of Nursing  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodor T.","family":"Postolache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain MIRECC for Suicide Prevention  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"VISN 5 MIRECC  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6231-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Seyfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine  Tampa Florida 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