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However, whether hyperandrogenemia and adipocyte hypertrophy per se induce a proinflammatory response is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young adult female rhesus macaques were exposed to an obesogenic Western\u2010style diet (WSD) in the presence of elevated circulating testosterone (T+WSD) or a low\u2010fat control diet with no exogenous T. Immune cells residing in visceral omental white adipose tissue (OM\u2010WAT), corpus luteum and the contralateral ovary, endometrium, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were characterized by flow cytometry during the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following one year of treatment, T+WSD animals became more insulin\u2010resistant and exhibited increased body fat and adipocyte hypertrophy compared to controls. T+WSD treatment did not induce macrophage polarization toward a proinflammatory phenotype in the tissues examined. Additionally, T+WSD treatment did not affect TNF\u03b1 production by bone marrow macrophages in response to toll\u2010like receptor agonists. While the major lymphoid subsets were not significantly affected by T+WSD treatment, we observed a significant reduction in the frequency of effector memory CD8+ T\u2010cells (Tem) in OM\u2010WAT, but not in other tissues. Notably, OM\u2010WAT Tem frequencies were negatively correlated with insulin resistance as assessed by the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA\u2010IR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shows that short\u2010term T+WSD treatment induces weight gain, insulin resistance, and adipocyte hypertrophy, but does not have a significant effect on systemic and tissue\u2010resident proinflammatory markers, suggesting that adipocyte hypertrophy and mild hyperandrogenemia alone are not sufficient to induce a proinflammatory response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T04:05:53Z","timestamp":1693800353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Western\u2010style diet in the presence of elevated circulating testosterone induces adipocyte hypertrophy without proinflammatory responses in rhesus macaques"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Burwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Pathobiology and Immunology Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton OR USA"},{"name":"Metabolic Health and Disease Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton OR USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofiya","family":"Yusova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Health and Disease Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton OR USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob J.","family":"Robino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Health and Disease Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton OR USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Health 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