{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:43:36Z","timestamp":1790959416427,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over\u2010activation of endometrial inflammasome NALP\u20103 (Nod\u2010like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3) can be found in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) women probably due to leaky gut and passage into circulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Leaky gut can be caused by exposure to gluten in RPL women genetically predisposed to celiac disease, positive for Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)\u2010DQ2\/DQ8 haplotype. Oral administration of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic> ES1 (GliadinES\u00ae) can inactivate gluten peptides toxicity to epithelial gut cells and improve gut barrier.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated by enzyme\u2010linked immunoassay: (a) serum levels of LPS and zonuline (a marker of leaky gut); (b) LPS, NALP\u20103, caspase\u20101, interleukine (IL)\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u201018 concentration in endometrial fluids, in untreated women with uncomplicated pregnancies (negative HLA\u2010DQ2\/DQ8 haplotype) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022) and in women with unexplained RPL, HLA\u2010DQ2\/DQ8 positive (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022), before and after daily oral administration for 3 months of GliadinES\u00ae.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>RLP women showed higher serum levels of LPS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) and higher concentration of LPS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), NALP\u20103 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01); Caspase\u20101 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), IL\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), and IL\u201018 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) in endometrial fluids compared to controls. GliadinES\u00ae treatment significantly reduced serum levels of both LPS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) and zonuline (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), as well as LPS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.5), NALP\u20103 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), Caspase\u20101 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), IL\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and IL\u201018 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) concentrations in endometrial fluids of RPL women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>RPL women positive for HLA\u2010DQ2\/DQ8 haplotype show increased circulating and endometrial levels of LPS and endometrial inflammasome NALP\u20103 over\u2010activation. Oral administration of GliadinES\u00ae can reduce gut permeability, decrease serum levels of LPS and, contextually, improve endometrial inflammation in this specific subset of RPL women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T23:47:34Z","timestamp":1701992854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Oral administration of <i>Bifidobacterium longum<\/i> ES1 reduces endometrial inflammation in women with recurrent pregnancy loss"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1590-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Tersigni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Barbaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Onori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Granieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Scambia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1273-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Di Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University  Milan Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"ESHRE European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. 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