{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:44:36Z","timestamp":1790707476096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) after multiple embryo transfers remains a vexing problem and immunomodulators have been used with conflicting results. This study aims to assess the effect of immunomodulation therapy on live birth rate (LBR) in women with RIF undergoing assisted reproduction treatment (ART).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a retrospective cohort study in multicentre network of private assisted conception units in the UK. The study included women who had at least two failed attempts of embryo transfers at CARE fertility network in the period from 1997 to 2018. Women in the treatment group had immunomodulator drugs in the form of corticosteroids, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and intravenous intralipid (IVIL) infusions, either separately or in combination, after immunological testing, in addition to standard ART whilst women in the control group had only ART without immunomodulators. The primary outcome was LBR per cycle. Secondary outcomes included the rates of clinical pregnancy (CPR), cumulative live birth (CLBR), and miscarriage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 27\u00a0163 ART cycles fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of which 5083 had immunomodulation treatment in addition to standard ART treatment, and 22\u00a0080 had standard ART treatment alone. Women in the treatment group were significantly older (mean age 38.5 vs. 37.1\u00a0years, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), and had a higher number of previous failed ART cycles (mean 4.3 vs. 3.8, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01). There was a higher LBR in women who received immunomodulation therapy when compared with the control group (20.9% vs. 15.8%, odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29\u20131.53, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that immunomodulation treatment was a significant independent predictor of live birth after adjusting for other confounders (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.33, 95% CI 1.15\u20131.54, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Survival analysis showed a higher CLBR in the treatment group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.78, 95% CI 1.62\u20131.94, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides evidence of a potential beneficial effect of immunomodulation therapy in women with RIF after immunological testing. There remains a need for high quality, adequately powered multicentre RCTs to robustly address the role of immunomodulation in women with RIF. There is also an urgent need for standardised screening tests for immune disorders that could preclude implantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T12:51:20Z","timestamp":1707828680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The use of immunomodulation therapy in women with recurrent implantation failure undergoing assisted conception: A multicentre cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Khairy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CARE Fertility Birmingham  Birmingham Edgbaston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda","family":"Harb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, 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