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Additionally, feasible methodology for collecting biological materials has not been evaluated in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 10 FSW (5 premenopausal, 5 postmenopausal) who participated in a survey and provided vaginal swabs. Biomarkers were assessed by ELISA, and included cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial\/wound\u2010healing mediators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred percent of FSW were African American, with a median age of 43.5. The median age when participants started sex work was 17.5, with 60% working 7 days per week and seeing up to 10 clients per night. Eighty percent reported recent unprotected sex and only 30% used some form of contraception. One self\u2010reported sexually transmitted infection at the time of visit and two reported living with HIV. Vaginal secretions showed detectable levels of all biomarkers tested, except MIP3\u03b1 and MIP1\u03b1, which were undetectable in all samples. When stratified by age\/menopause status, no significant changes were observed except for Serpin A1 with higher median levels in premenopausal compared to postmenopausal FSW (median 5.79\u00a0vs. 5.205 log pg\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.016). Comparison with samples from an existing repository of non\u2010FSW women showed significantly reduced chemokines IL8 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.045), MIP3\u03b1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.001), and MIP1\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.015) in the FSW group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report characterization of the vaginal secretome in a cohort of FSW in the United States. Understanding of the genital immune microenvironment can inform future research in HIV prevention and therapeutic options in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T16:07:11Z","timestamp":1727280431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HIV\u2010Associated Genital Immune Biomarkers in the Female Sex Worker Population: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Capozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health The George Washington University  Washington, DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health The George 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