{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:29:13Z","timestamp":1785522553428,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020084","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201607010315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201607010315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uterine contractions signal labor onset, with elevated pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines playing a pivotal role. Prior studies have explored their effects on prostaglandins, oxytocin, and signaling pathways, but have overlooked their direct effects on uterine contractions. Here, we aim to investigate the direct effects of interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2), interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) on contractions to ascertain if they have immediate observable effects like those reported for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tension recordings were used to assess the direct effects of cytokines and\/or LPS on mouse uterine contractions. Calcium imaging was employed to observe calcium oscillations in cytokine\u2010pretreated myometrial smooth muscle cells (MSMCs) in response to oxytocin. The release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from uterine explants after LPS and\/or cytokines application was investigated using Luminex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 rapidly enhanced contractions of term pregnant mouse uterus. LPS combined with TNF\u2010\u03b1 intensified contractions compared to LPS alone, although this effect was not statistically significant in our results (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.050). Pretreatment of MSMCs with IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, or TNF\u2010\u03b1 increased calcium oscillations in response to oxytocin. LPS and\/or cytokine significantly stimulated the release of IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, Chemokine (C\u2010X\u2010C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101 (MCP1) from uterine explants in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inflammatory cytokines have short\u2010term and long\u2010term effects on mouse uterine contractions, which together contribute to progressively stronger contractions during labor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T07:34:12Z","timestamp":1728977652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Direct Effects of Inflammatory Cytokines on Mouse Uterine Contraction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3391-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caihan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou 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