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The success rate of IVF procedures is variable, with estimates of up to 40% of embryo transfers being unsuccessful. Herein we review the existing literature on the role of the female and male urogenital microbiomes and genital inflammation on fertility and IVF outcomes. We discuss the microbiome across the female reproductive tract (FRT) and identify associations with female infertility, female genital tract inflammation, and success of IVF procedures. We also discuss the male urogenital microbiome and the associations between microbial taxa, genital inflammation, and male fertility parameters. Finally, we consider microbial transfer within couples and the impact this may have on fertility and the success of IVF procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T10:48:27Z","timestamp":1739443707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Understanding the Associations of Urogenital Microbiomes With Fertility and In Vitro Fertilization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Alicia R.","family":"Berard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas K.","family":"Brubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Blood Heart Lung Immunology Research Center of University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dal\u00ed X.","family":"Nemecio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4165-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Farr Zuend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001356"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Fact Sheet: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Use Across the United States2024. 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