{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:00:33Z","timestamp":1788930033568,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Characterized as a prevalent sexually transmitted infection, <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> is intimately associated with reproductive tract complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. However, the causal relationships between <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection and reproductive tract complications remain elusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the causal relationships between <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> antibodies and seven reproductive tract complications, we conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. The fundamental data were originated from the genome\u2010wide association studies (GWAS) database. While the influences of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> antibodies on reproductive tract complications such as tubal factor infertility (TFI) and PID have been assessed, the reverse MR analysis examined how these complications impacted <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The forward MR analysis revealed that the upregulation of MOMP A antibodies was significantly associated with a reduced risk of TFI (OR = 0.932, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.007), while MOMP D antibodies were associated with a reduced risk of ectopic pregnancy (EP) (OR = 0.923, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005). However, no significant causal interactions were identified for other reproductive complications. Moreover, the reverse MR analysis indicated that cervicitis was significantly correlated with lower MOMP A antibody levels (OR = 0.900, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.016).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates the protective effects of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> antibodies, particularly MOMP A and MOMP D, against TFI and EP, respectively. It also emphasizes the potential role of cervical inflammation in shaping immune responses to <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>. These insights provide a foundation for future research to develop immune\u2010targeted therapies and integrated approaches for preventing and managing <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\u2010related reproductive tract complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T14:54:04Z","timestamp":1736261644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Causal Relationship Between Antibody\u2010Mediated Immune Responses of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i> Infection and Reproductive Tract Complications: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4507-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanggang","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Medicine Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Medicine Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.5.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3428"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02647.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30092-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00328-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1281823"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis Antigens: Role in Immunity and Pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Brunham R. 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