{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:51:01Z","timestamp":1789588261320,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VR\u2010MH2022\u201001001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR\u2010MH2022\u201001001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) affects 5%\u221210% of all women, negatively impacting their reproductive health and quality of life. Herein, we investigated the molecular effects of RVVC on the vaginal mucosa of otherwise healthy women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gene expression analysis was performed on vaginal tissue biopsies from women with RVVC, including those with a current episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 19) and women between infections (culture negative RVVC [CNR], <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8); women asymptomatically colonized with <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> (asymptomatic [AS], <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7); and healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 18). Gene expression profiles were compared between groups and correlated with clinical data retrieved from questionnaires and gynecologic examinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 20\u00a0171 genes identified in vaginal biopsies, 6506 were differentially expressed in the RVVC group, compared to healthy controls. Gene expression pathway analysis revealed an association between RVVC and pathways of inflammatory responses, especially genes involved in neutrophil recruitment and activation. Expression of genes involved in inflammation and neutrophil recruitment increased with increasing clinical severity of VVC, whereas expression of some genes involved in epithelial integrity decreased with increasing clinical severity of infection. Gene expression profiles of both the CNR and AS groups were comparable to those of healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical severity of RVVC during active infection correlates with increased expression of genes involved in molecular inflammation and neutrophil activation in the vaginal mucosa. The lack of differences between healthy controls and women with RVVC who were between acute infections indicates that the molecular effects observed in the RVVC group are only present during active infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T14:54:42Z","timestamp":1736261682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vaginal Transcriptional Signatures of the Neutrophil\u2010Driven Immune Response Correlate With Clinical Severity During Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5951-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyra","family":"Hasselrot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna Division of Infectious Diseases Karolinska Institutet Department of Infectious Diseases Karolinska 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