{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:24:08Z","timestamp":1793413448215,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019) has impacted pregnant women significantly, with increased mortality and morbidity. The implications of this virus are linked to extracellular vesicles (EVs) and maternal inflammation due to the cytokine storm. Hence, this study aims to investigate the impact of COVID\u201019 on the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine profile in both plasma and EVs of South African pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma samples were obtained from pregnant women in the third trimester, from which EVs were extracted using the Invitrogen Total Exosome Isolation Kit. These plasma\u2010derived EVs were characterised using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID\u201019 infection in pregnancy did not significantly affect the average particle size and concentration of isolated EVs. The levels of IFN gamma, IL\u20106, MIP\u20101 alpha and TNF alpha were analysed in the plasma and circulating EVs through a multiplex assay. Compared to the control group, a significant increase in IL\u20106, IFN\u2010\u03b3, TNF\u2010\u03b1 and MIP\u20101\u03b1 levels were observed in both plasma and EVs content of COVID\u201019 pregnancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that COVID\u201019 infection impacts the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine profile in the plasma and EVs of South African pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T17:24:53Z","timestamp":1744133093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of COVID\u201019 Infection During Pregnancy on the Plasma\/Extracellular Vesicles Pro\u2010Inflammatory Cytokine Profile"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Heeralall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of 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