{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:40:46Z","timestamp":1789141246135,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) poses a major challenge in reproductive medicine, with increasing evidence of maternal immune dysregulation. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis assessed differences in T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cell frequencies and their ratio between women with URSA and healthy fertile controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS), up to October 2024, included studies evaluating peripheral blood Th subsets by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Meta\u2010analyses were performed for Th1(IFN\u2010\u03b3), Th1(TNF\u2010\u03b1), Th2(IL\u20104), Th2(IL\u201010), and Th1\/Th2 ratios. Th1(IFN\u2010\u03b3) frequencies were significantly higher in URSA (mean difference [MD] = 2.31, 95% CI = 0.30\u20134.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02), while Th2(IL\u20104) levels were lower (MD = \u22120.51, 95% CI = \u22120.91 to \u22120.11,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01). No significant differences were observed for Th1(TNF\u2010\u03b1) (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI = \u22120.06 to 0.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.11) and Th2(IL\u201010) (SMD = \u22120.28, 95% CI = \u22120.62 to 0.05,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.10). The Th1(IFN\u2010\u03b3)\/Th2(IL\u20104) ratio was significantly elevated (MD = 5.37, 95% CI = 1.47\u20139.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007), reflecting a shift toward a Th1\u2010dominant immune profile.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the role of Th1\/Th2 imbalance in URSA and suggest its potential value as a diagnostic or prognostic marker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T17:13:37Z","timestamp":1752340417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Th1\u2010Th2 Balance in Patients With Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Kargar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Alborz University of Medical Sciences  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Yahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Alborz University of Medical Sciences  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosein","family":"Rafiemanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Alborz University of Medical Sciences  Karaj Iran"},{"name":"Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Aslani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences 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