{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:50:26Z","timestamp":1761324626460,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress (OS)\u2010induced inflammatory response in decidual cells (DECs) may transfer and\/or trigger the release of interferon epsilon (IFN\u03b5)\u2010positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) from vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) to minimize vaginal disturbances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>VECs were treated for 48\u00a0h under the following conditions: (1) standard VEC media, (2) OS\u2010inducing cigarette smoke extract (CSE); and supernatant from (3) normal\/untreated DECs, and (4) CSE\u2010treated DECs. The concentration of cytoplasmic, secreted, and VEC\u2010derived EV bound IFN\u03b5 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03 each) was measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). EVs were isolated from culture media by cushioned\u2010density gradient ultracentrifugation and characterized by immunoblotting and nanoparticle tracking analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Induction of OS in VECs with CSE increased intracellular IFN\u03b5 in VECs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0007) but not free or EV\u2010bound IFN\u03b5 compared to control VECs. Exposure to conditioned media from untreated and CSE\u2010treated DECs induced increased intracellular (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.049) and free IFN\u03b5 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03) from VECs. VEC\u2010derived EVs (126\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.8\u00a0nm) expressed exosome markers, and did not change in size regardless of the treatment but decreased in number due to exposure to untreated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004) and CSE\u2010treated DECs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.025) conditioned media. Furthermore, VEC exosomal IFN\u03b5 increased by 2.6\u2010fold (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0001, untreated DECs) and \u223c4\u2010fold (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.041, CSE\u2010treated DECs) compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mucosal immune defense mediated by IFN\u03b5 may be an innate response by VECs under OS. This was further evidenced by an overall increase in IFN\u03b5 due to both physiologic and pathologic impact of decidua on VECs. IFN\u03b5 may indicate a stress response by VECs or paracrine crosstalk between gestational tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T20:06:05Z","timestamp":1757707565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decidual Cells Induce Release of Free and Exosome\u2010Bound Interferon Epsilon From Vaginal Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Amabebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston  Galveston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren S.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston  Galveston Texas 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