{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:00:14Z","timestamp":1763564414192,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered the necessary cause of cervical cancer. Studies showed that disruption of the inflammatory milieu in the cervicovaginal mucosa can promote the persistence of HPV, which can result in cervical carcinogenesis. This study determined sociodemographic factors and vaginal inflammatory cytokines associated with HPV infection in Manila, Philippines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cervicovaginal swab samples from 110 sexually active women, ages 21 and above, from Manila, diagnosed using real\u2010time PCR, were selected for comparative expression analysis using sandwich\u2010type ELISA of the cytokines IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u20101b, IL\u201010, and TNF\u2010\u03b1. Independent <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, Wilcoxon Rank Sum, and Chi\u2010square test were employed. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine factors associated with HPV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sociodemographic and behavioral factors analyzed in this study did not show a significant association with HPV infection. IL\u20108 was significantly lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) while IL\u201010 was significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) in the HPV\u2010positive group compared to the HPV\u2010negative samples. Multivariable logistic regression showed that higher IL\u20101b (OR: 1.007; 95% CI: 1.003\u20131.012) and lower IL\u20108 levels (OR: 0.979; 95% CI: 0.970\u20130.989) were associated with increased odds of HPV infection. IL\u20108 promotes neutrophil recruitment and viral clearance, IL\u20101\u03b2 drives inflammation but may foster persistence via IL\u201017 induction, and IL\u201010 suppresses antiviral immunity, enabling HPV evasion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study showed that lower IL\u20108 and higher IL\u20101\u03b2 levels were independent predictors of HPV infection. These changes in the microenvironment may control immune cell infiltration and help establish HPV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T13:31:33Z","timestamp":1756992693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Vaginal Inflammatory Cytokines Among HPV\u2010Positive and HPV\u2010Negative Women in Manila, Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Domingo V.","family":"Macinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology College of Science University of the Philippines Diliman  Quezon City Philippines"},{"name":"College of Medicine University of the Philippines Manila  Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ourlad Alzeus G.","family":"Tantengco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology College of Medicine University of the Philippines Manila  Manila Philippines"},{"name":"Division of Basic Science and Translational Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston  Galveston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheriah Laine M.","family":"de Paz\u2010Silava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology College of Public Health University of the Philippines Manila  Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananth Kumar","family":"Kammala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Science and Translational Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston  Galveston Texas 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Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"L.Bruni G.Albero B.Serrano et\u00a0al. \"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in the World \" Summary Report (ICO\/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer [HPV Information Centre] 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.929062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"\u201cPhilippines Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers Fact Sheet 2017 \u201d (ICO\/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre) 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"\u201cPhilippines Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers Fact Sheet 2023 \u201d (ICO\/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre) 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