{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T16:38:25Z","timestamp":1766507905729,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several studies have evaluated a wide range of immunomodulatory therapies for treatment of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G\u2010CSF) is a new addition. We aimed to perform a cumulative meta\u2010analysis to update and reevaluate the efficacy of the use of G\u2010CSF to reduce the risk of first trimester miscarriages in women with a history of RPL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched electronic databases until September 26, 2024. We screened 309 citations and included six randomized control trials (RCTs) and four observational cohort studies. A total of 800 women were included in the analysis for the primary outcome; 426 (53%) women had treatment with G\u2010CSF and 374 (47%) women had placebo or no treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women who were administered GCSF in early pregnancy had a statistically significant reduction in miscarriage compared to those who had placebo or no treatment, odds ratio [95% CI]\u00a0=\u00a00.4 [0.3; 0.7]. A subsequent significant increase in live birth was also found in women who had GCSF, odds ratio [95% CI]\u00a0=\u00a02.3 [1.4; 3.6].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor resulted in statistically significant reduction in first trimester miscarriage and subsequent improvement in live birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T06:33:41Z","timestamp":1764398021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in Reducing First Trimester Miscarriages in Women With a History of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Maren","family":"Bettermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Iowa Health Care  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Carlisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Iowa Health Care  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REI Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Iowa Health Care  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hardin Library for the Health Sciences University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick Ten","family":"Eyck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute For Clinical and Translational Science, Department of Biostatistics University of Iowa Health Care  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abey","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REI Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Iowa Health Care  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010020\u201000228\u2010z"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.06.048"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP\u201001\u201018\u20104459"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102094"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","DOI":"10.4103\/0974\u20101208.142475"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoad002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","DOI":"10.1016\/s1472\u20106483(10)60161\u20107"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmg013"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000112.pub3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102022\u2010064780"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101527"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14131"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28543"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110326"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"236","article-title":"Effect of a 20% Intravenous Fat Emulsion Therapy on Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With RPL or RIF Undergoing IVF\/ICSI: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Marchand G. 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