{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T16:38:30Z","timestamp":1766507910506,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to investigate whether\n                      <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG<\/jats:italic>\n                      intake during pregnancy influences maternal cytokine levels and lymphocyte subpopulations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pregnant women were categorized into three groups: those with a history of spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 40), those with a history of preeclampsia (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 40), and nulliparous or parous women without a history of PTD or preeclampsia (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 40). Participants were randomized to receive either\n                      <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus GG<\/jats:italic>\n                      or a placebo. Maternal blood samples were collected at baseline before gestational week 19 (visit 1) and around gestational weeks 25 and 35 (visits 2 and 3).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary outcome was the change in tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1) levels in monocytes after stimulation of maternal blood with\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Secondary outcomes included lymphocyte subpopulation analysis and changes in TNF\u2010\u03b1, interleukin (IL)\u201010, and IL\u201012 levels after stimulation with\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      LPS,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus paracasei<\/jats:italic>\n                      , or\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the intention\u2010to\u2010treat analysis, no significant differences in TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were observed. However, a sensitivity analysis excluding participants with fever or recent antibiotic use (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 27) revealed a significant decrease in TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels in the intervention group at visit 2 compared to an increase in the placebo group (mean difference \u221211785 cells\/mL, 95% CI: \u221222459 to \u22121287,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03). Secondary analyses showed lower total lymphocyte, T\u2010cell, IL\u201010, and IL\u201012 levels at visit 2 and higher IL\u201010 and IL\u201012 levels at visit 3 in the intervention group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although\n                      <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus GG<\/jats:italic>\n                      did not significantly affect TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels, its influence on lymphocyte and cytokine levels warrants further investigation through larger trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:40:42Z","timestamp":1765377642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral\n       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