{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:31:59Z","timestamp":1793399519372,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancy is characterized by significant changes in peripheral immunity. Total CD3+ T cells decrease across pregnancy while Forkhead Box P3+ T\u2010regulatory cells (FoxP3+Tregs) peak in mid\u2010pregnancy, the latter of which are key to healthy outcomes. However, less is known regarding distinct memory populations of FoxP3+ Tregs and their phenotypic changes across pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method Of Study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant individuals were enrolled into a prospective cohort study and high parameter flow cytometry was used to characterize peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected at first and second trimester and delivery. Memory and phenotypic marker expression on FoxP3+ Tregs at each timepoint were analyzed. Non\u2010Treg CD4+ T cells and CD8+ Tcells were assessed as comparison populations. Suppressive capacity of FoxP3+ Tregs was compared between first trimester and delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The frequency of central and effector memory populations within FoxP3+ Tregs, non\u2010Treg CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells decreased across pregnancy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264\u00a00.001 for all). Inducible T cell Costimulator (ICOS) expression decreased on FoxP3+ Tregs across pregnancy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01), while T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain\u2010containing protein 3 (Tim3) expression increased on FoxP3 Tregs, non\u2010Treg CD4+, and CD8+ T cells (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264 0.005 for all). Suppressive capacity of Tregs did not vary by gestational timepoint.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed an increase in na\u00efve cells in FoxP3+ and non\u2010Treg CD4+ T cells across gestation and a corresponding reduction in ICOS expression. However, the observed increase in Tim3 expression on all T cell subsets suggests a dissociation between suppressive markers in pregnancy. Together, these data suggest that pregnancy has a unique impact on Treg memory distribution and phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T16:51:38Z","timestamp":1777222298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Peripheral Regulatory T Cells Display Dynamic Memory Subset Frequency and Inhibitory Marker Expression Across Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7696-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nolawit","family":"Mulugeta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Global Infectious Disease Research Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle, WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington  Seattle, WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Quinn","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Global Infectious Disease Research Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle, WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Tobey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Global Infectious Disease Research Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle, WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail L. P.","family":"Spray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Global Infectious Disease Research Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair","family":"Armistead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Global Infectious Disease Research Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle, WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghou","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Global Infectious Disease Research Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7723-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronit","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2747-2097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raj","family":"Shree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Vojtech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney E.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Global Infectious Disease Research Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle, WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington  Seattle, WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle, WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0351-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.737862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00777-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003909107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-006-0023-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02441.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01869.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det316"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04493.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2343"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0296-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0224-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47638-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04718-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29383-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023739118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2022.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2007.00489.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00811.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713957115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.23849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/16717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2019-000544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adm7697"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.575197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01393-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"653","article-title":"Pregnancy Tailors Endotoxin\u2010induced Monocyte and Neutrophil Responses in the Maternal Circulation","volume":"71","author":"Farias\u2010Jofre M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Res Off J Eur Histamine Res Soc Al"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00670-0"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.70238","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aji.70238","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.70238","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T13:38:43Z","timestamp":1779025123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aji.70238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aji.70238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.70238","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-7408","1600-0897"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-7408","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0897","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70238"}}