{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:26:40Z","timestamp":1782790000958,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunomodulatory agents (IVIG, intralipid, corticosteroids, and G\u2010CSF) and platelet\u2010rich plasma (PRP) are increasingly used in infertility despite inconsistent clinical outcomes. A critical but overlooked question is whether these agents exert their effects through systemic immune modulation or require direct access to target cells within the ovary and endometrium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We propose that insufficient tissue accessibility, rather than intrinsic biological inefficacy, may contribute to inconsistent clinical outcomes. This framework examines the physical constraints governing therapeutic effectiveness if local action were necessary, while acknowledging that benefits may also be mediated systemically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anatomical and biophysical barriers differ by administration route. For systemic agents, the vascular endothelium (continuous capillaries) restricts macromolecular extravasation via capacity\u2010limited transcytosis. For local agents, epithelial tight junctions (0.5\u20132\u00a0nm pores), follicular basal lamina (40\u2013100\u00a0nm), granulosa cell layers (\u223c20\u00a0nm), and the zona pellucida (5\u201310\u00a0nm) create sequential barriers. Molecular size analysis suggests that large immunomodulators like IVIG (\u223c150\u00a0kDa, 10\u201315\u00a0nm) and intralipid particles (200\u2013500\u00a0nm) face substantial limitations in reaching target compartments. PRP growth factors face identical barriers. By contrast, smaller molecules (&lt;1\u00a0kDa) and FSH (\u223c30\u00a0kDa, 5\u00a0nm) penetrate more readily. Ovarian tissue stiffness (1.5\u20135\u00a0kPa in normal ovaries; 0.9\u201311.3\u00a0kPa in premature ovarian insufficiency) further impedes macromolecular diffusion. The proposed Mathematical Access Index integrates molecular size, barrier pore dimensions, and tissue stiffness to predict accessibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accessibility of immunomodulators and PRP growth factors to reproductive tissues is more limited than commonly assumed. If these therapies act predominantly through systemic immune modulation (e.g., Fc receptor saturation, Th1\/Th2 modulation), direct tissue penetration may not be necessary. For PRP, observed effects likely result from indirect mechanisms (paracrine signaling, angiogenesis). Distinguishing between systemic and local mechanisms is essential. Until pharmacokinetic studies quantify drug concentrations in reproductive tissues, clinical use should remain cautious.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:20:11Z","timestamp":1776424811000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tissue Accessibility as a Missing Determinant of Immunomodulatory and Platelet\u2010Rich Plasma Therapy Success in Infertility: A Conceptual Framework"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1006-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onder","family":"Celik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Formerly Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Izmir 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